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\begin{document}
	\title{{\huge{}Causal Identification in Social Sciences Using Observational
			Data}\\
		{\normalsize{}\author{F\i rat Bilgel}
			\affil{\footnotesize{}Department of Economics, MEF University, Istanbul 34396 Turkey. email: \texttt{\protect\href{mailto:}{bilgelf@mef.edu.tr}}}}}
	\maketitle
	\begin{quotation}
		\emph{\vspace{1cm}
		}
	\end{quotation}
	
\begin{figure}[H]
	\caption{Derivation of subgraphs}
	
	\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-1}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{T,X_{2}}}}$]{
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		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (3) edge node[below] {} (2);    
				\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				%\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				%\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				%\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				%\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				%\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-2}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{T,X_{1},X_{2},Y,Z_{1},Z_{2}}}}$]{
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		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
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				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				%\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
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	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-3}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{T,X_{1},X_{2},Z_{1},Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
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			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
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				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
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				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
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	\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-4}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{Q,T,X_{1},X_{2},Y,Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
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				%\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
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				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-5}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{Q,T,X_{1},X_{2},Y,Z_{1}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
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			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
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				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
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	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-6}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{Z_{1}}}}$]{
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			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
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				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
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	\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-7}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{Q,T,X_{2},Z_{1},Z_{2}}}}$]{
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				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
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				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				%\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				%\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				%\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				%\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				%\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				%\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-8}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{Q,Z_{1},Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				%\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				%\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-9}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{Q,Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				%\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				%\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}
	
	\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-10}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{Q,Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				%\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				%\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}\hspace{0.5cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:LAWC-derivation-11}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{Z_{2}}}}$]{
		\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.8 cm},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
		\resizebox{0.28\textwidth}{!}{
			\begin{tikzpicture}
				\node[state] (1) {$X_{1}$};     
				\node[state,red] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=4cm] {$Y$};  
				\node[state,blue] (3) [above =of 1, xshift=2.8cm, yshift=-0.9cm] {$T$};   
				\node[state,cyan] (4) [above =of 3, yshift=0cm] {$Z_{1}$};     
				\node[state] (5) [above=of 4, yshift=0cm] {$X_{2}$};    
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (6) [above =of 1, yshift=1.3cm] {$U_{1}$};            
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [above =of 2, yshift=2cm] {$U_{2}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (8) [above =of 2, xshift=0cm, yshift=0cm] {$U_{3}$};             
				\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (9) [below =of 3, xshift=0cm] {$U_{4}$};             
				\node[state, cyan] (10) [above=of 1, xshift=0.7cm , yshift=0cm] {$Z_{2}$}; 
				\node[state] (11) [right=of 3, xshift=-0.3cm,yshift=-0.25cm] {$Q$};               
				\path (1) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (3) edge node[below] {} (11);
				\path (11) edge node[below] {} (2);       
				%\path (4) edge node[el,below] {} (5); 
				\path (1) edge node[el,below] {} (2); 
				\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3); 
				\path (4) edge node[below] {} (10);
				%\path (10) edge node[below] {} (1);
				\path (5) edge[bend left=40] node[below] {} (3);
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (1); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (3); 
				\path (6) edge node[above] {} (5); 
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (7) edge node[above] {} (4);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (5);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (3);
				\path (8) edge node[above] {} (2);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (1);
				\path (9) edge node[above] {} (2);
				%\path[bidirected] (10) edge[bend left=20] node[el,below] {\footnotesize{}} (5);
			\end{tikzpicture}
	}}
\end{figure}

\begin{center}
	\begin{figure}[H]
		\caption{\label{fig:derivation}Derivation of subgraphs}
		
		\begin{centering}
			\subfloat[\label{fig:judicial-derivation-2}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{M,J,P,Z}}}$]{
				\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.6 cm, font=\scriptsize},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
				\resizebox{0.3\textwidth}{!}{
					\begin{tikzpicture}
						\node[state, blue] (1) {$M$};     
						\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=0.8cm,yshift=-0cm] {$W$}; 
						\node[state, blue] (3)  [right=of 2, xshift=0.8cm, yshift=0cm] {$J$};     
						\node[state, ] (4) [below=of 3, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$P$};     
						\node[state, ] (5) [below =of 1, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$Z$};    
						\node[state, red] (6) [below =of 2, xshift=1.4cm, yshift=0.5cm] {$Y$};     
						\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [below =of 2, xshift=0cm,yshift=-1cm] {$U$};  
						%\path (2) edge node[above] {} (3); 
						%\path (2) edge node[above] {} (1);    
						%\path (2) edge node[el,above] {} (5);
						\path (1) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (5); 
						%\path (5) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
						%\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3);
						%\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
						\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						\path (3) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						%\path[bidirected] (2) edge[bend left=40] node[el,above, rotate=30] {\footnotesize{$U$}} (3);
					\end{tikzpicture}
			}}\hspace{1cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:judicial-derivation-3}$\mathbf{G_{\overline{M,J,Z}}}$]{
				\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.6 cm, font=\scriptsize},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
				\resizebox{0.3\textwidth}{!}{
					\begin{tikzpicture}
						\node[state, blue] (1) {$M$};     
						\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=0.8cm,yshift=-0cm] {$W$}; 
						\node[state, blue] (3)  [right=of 2, xshift=0.8cm, yshift=0cm] {$J$};     
						\node[state, ] (4) [below=of 3, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$P$};     
						\node[state, ] (5) [below =of 1, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$Z$};    
						\node[state, red] (6) [below =of 2, xshift=1.4cm, yshift=0.5cm] {$Y$};     
						\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [below =of 2, xshift=0cm,yshift=-1cm] {$U$};  
						%\path (2) edge node[above] {} (3); 
						%\path (2) edge node[above] {} (1);    
						%\path (2) edge node[el,above] {} (5);
						\path (1) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (5); 
						\path (5) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
						%\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3);
						\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
						\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						\path (3) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
						%\path[bidirected] (2) edge[bend left=40] node[el,above, rotate=30] {\footnotesize{$U$}} (3);
					\end{tikzpicture}
			}}
			\par\end{centering}
		\centering{}\subfloat[\label{fig:judicial-derivation-4}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{M,J,Z}}}$]{
			\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.6 cm, font=\scriptsize},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
			\resizebox{0.3\textwidth}{!}{
				\begin{tikzpicture}
					\node[state, blue] (1) {$M$};     
					\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=0.8cm,yshift=-0cm] {$W$}; 
					\node[state, blue] (3)  [right=of 2, xshift=0.8cm, yshift=0cm] {$J$};     
					\node[state, ] (4) [below=of 3, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$P$};     
					\node[state, ] (5) [below =of 1, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$Z$};    
					\node[state, red] (6) [below =of 2, xshift=1.4cm, yshift=0.5cm] {$Y$};     
					\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [below =of 2, xshift=0cm,yshift=-1cm] {$U$};  
					\path (2) edge node[above] {} (3); 
					\path (2) edge node[above] {} (1);    
					\path (2) edge node[el,above] {} (5);
					%\path (1) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (5); 
					%\path (5) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
					\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3);
					\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
					\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					%\path (3) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					%\path[bidirected] (2) edge[bend left=40] node[el,above, rotate=30] {\footnotesize{$U$}} (3);
				\end{tikzpicture}
		}}\hspace{1cm}\subfloat[\label{fig:judicial-derivation-5}$\mathbf{G_{\underline{M,Z}}}$]{
			\centering{}\tikzset{     -Latex,auto,node distance =1 cm and 1 cm,semithick ,     state/.style ={circle, draw, minimum width = 0.6 cm, font=\scriptsize},     point/.style = {circle, draw, inner sep=0.01cm,fill,node contents={}},     bidirected/.style={Latex-Latex,dashed},     el/.style = {inner sep=2pt, align=left, sloped} }
			\resizebox{0.3\textwidth}{!}{
				\begin{tikzpicture}
					\node[state, blue] (1) {$M$};     
					\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (2) [right =of 1, xshift=0.8cm,yshift=-0cm] {$W$}; 
					\node[state, blue] (3)  [right=of 2, xshift=0.8cm, yshift=0cm] {$J$};     
					\node[state, ] (4) [below=of 3, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$P$};     
					\node[state, ] (5) [below =of 1, xshift=0cm, yshift=-2cm] {$Z$};    
					\node[state, red] (6) [below =of 2, xshift=1.4cm, yshift=0.5cm] {$Y$};     
					\node[state,fill=gray!30!white] (7) [below =of 2, xshift=0cm,yshift=-1cm] {$U$};  
					\path (2) edge node[above] {} (3); 
					\path (2) edge node[above] {} (1);    
					\path (2) edge node[el,above] {} (5);
					%\path (1) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					%\path (1) edge node[above] {} (5); 
					%\path (5) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
					\path (4) edge node[el,above] {} (3);
					\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (4);
					\path (7) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					\path (3) edge node[el,above] {} (6);
					%\path[bidirected] (2) edge[bend left=40] node[el,above, rotate=30] {\footnotesize{$U$}} (3);
				\end{tikzpicture}
		}}
	\end{figure}
	\par\end{center}	

	\end{document}	